In a democracy, the people are sovereign (that is, we hold all the power). But, that power is atomized, spread out to each individual. We control the space in which we live, but we have no power over other people’s spaces.
In a representative democracy, some power accumulation can’t be avoided because, by definition, the people in a district (or state) loan their enormous merged power to officials they elect to government. Those representatives have the solemn duty to use that combined power to represent their constituents and, in certain circumstances, the nation as a whole.
But in the founders’ view, that was the limit of power accumulation: Voters lending their combined power to a representative, who then would be restrained by us and by everybody else’s representatives.
How?
Well, for starters, we the people can “throw the bums out” next election, right? We can take back all that power we lent to that one person. But in between elections, how do we stop abuses of power, corruption, or worse?
Each representative in a governing body is supposed to possess the same amount of power as any other member (that being the combined power from their constituents). And the other representatives from other districts are there literally to check (that is, restrain) the power of your representative.
You’re probably asking: How is that supposed to work? Well, on an individual issue, your representative or mine walks down the hall and finds other members of like mind and they collaborate to do their job—legislating. When a majority materializes, laws are passed on that issue. On another issue, your member or mine collaborates with, perhaps, a very different majority to pass other laws. That was the original intent of how our representative democracy was supposed to work.
Sure, many members might have campaigned and won election on certain policy positions that other elected members share. That’s what’s called majority support for a policy, the basis of how legislation gets passed. That majority support, though, is about one policy, one issue. And that majority is supposed to be forged after the election, in the halls of the legislature. That is true representative democracy.